Psychoanalytic Therapy
I.
Sigmund Freud founded this theory which is
the benchmark against which many other theories are measured.
II.
Key
Concepts: View of Human Nature
a.
Life instincts – oriented toward growth,
development and creativity.
b.
Libido – a source of motivation that encompasses
sexual energy but also goes beyond it.
c.
Death Instincts- Accounts for the aggressive
drive people at times manifest through their behavior. This is an unconscious wish to die or to hurt themselves
or others.
d.
Both sexual and aggressive drives are powerful
determinants of why people act as they do.
III.
Structure
of Personality
a.
Id – is roughly all the untamed drives or
impulses, the biological component.
b.
Ego – attempts to organize and mediate
between the id and the dangers of the ids impulses.
c.
Superego – internalized social component,
moral code that represents the ideal rather than the real and often strives for
perfection.
IV.
The
Unconscious and Conscious
a.
The unconscious are dreams, slips of the tongue,
forgetting, and post-hypnotic suggestions. These are things derived from free
association, projective techniques and psychotic symptoms.
b.
The conscious is the thin slice of the total
mind or awareness.
V.
Anxiety
a.
Feelings of dread that result from repressed
feelings, memories, desires and experience that emerge to the surface of awareness.
b.
Reality anxiety: fear of danger from the
external world
c.
Neurotic anxiety: fear that the instincts will
get out of hand and cause one to do something for which they will be punished.
d.
Moral anxiety: fear of ones own conscience or
guilt.
VI.
Therapeutic
Process: the goal is to ultimately increase adaptive functioning which
involves the reduction of symptoms and the resolution of conflicts. Rather it strengthens the ego, to make the
unconscious conscious so that behavior is based more on reality than on instinctual
cravings or irrational guilt.
VII.
Techniques:
these are aimed at increasing awareness, fostering insights into client
behavior, and understanding the meanings of the symptoms.
a.
maintaining the analytical framework
b.
free association
c.
interpretation
d.
dream analysis
e.
analysis of resistance
f.
analysis of transference
Reference:
Corey, Gerald (2013). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9th
ed.). Belmont, CA:Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning p. 62-97
Alderian Therapy
I.
Founder: Alfred Adler followed by
Rudolph Dreikurs who is credited for the theory’s popularity in the United
States.
II.
Key Concepts:
a. View
of Human Nature: Adler beliefs were contrary to Freud in that human behavior is
not determined solely by heredity and environment, but that we have the
capacity to interpret, influence, and create events. Adlerians focus on reeducating individuals
and reshaping society.
b. Subjective
Perception of Reality: Focuses on the way people perceive their world.
c. Unity
and Patterns of Human Personality: Individual Psychology – avoids reductionism
and stresses that understanding the whole person in the context of his life and
how all the components fit and work together.
d. Behavior
as Purposeful and Goal Oriented: Adlerians assume that most decisions are based
on past experiences, the present and the future goals.
a.
Fiscal Finalism – an imagined life goal
that guides a person’s behavior. Adler actually used the words “guided
self-ideal” and “goal of perfection” to account for striving for superiority
and perfection.
b.
Lifestyle: Often described as our
perceptions regarding self, others, and the world. This includes an individual’s characteristic
way of thinking, acting, and feeling, living and striving toward long-term
goals.
e. Social
Interest and Community Feeling: Social interest: the action line of one’s
community feeling and it involves being as concerned as others as one is about oneself.
a.
The concept involves the capacity to
cooperate
b.
Begins in childhood
c.
People express social interest through
shared activity and mutual respect.
d.
Community feeling: the feeling of being
connected to all of humanity past, present and future.
e.
Many of our problems stem from the fear
of not being accepted by the groups we value most.
f. Birth
Order and Sibling Relationships: Adler identified five psychological positions
from which children tend to view life.
a.
The oldest child: Lots of attention in
the beginning until another sibling arrives.
b.
The second child: Seems they are always
in a race to beat the oldest child.
c.
The middle child: Often feels squeezed
out.
d.
The youngest child: Always the baby of
the family and usually the most pampered.
e.
The only child: Traits are somewhat same
as the oldest child, but often is spoiled by parents and strives to be the
center of attention.
III.
Therapeutic Goals
a. Prefer
a growth model of personality rather than a medical model.
b. The
process includes providing information, teaching, guiding and offering
encouragement.
IV.
Techniques
a. Establish
the proper therapeutic relationship
b. Explore
the psychological dynamics operation in the client including the family constellation.
c. Encourage
the development of self- understanding (insight and purpose).
d. Help
the client make new choices (reorientation and reeducation).
Reference:
Corey, Gerald (2013). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (9thed.). Belmont, CA:Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning p. 62-97
Great job!
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